John and Giovanni; William and Guglielmo; Thomas and Tommaso. These are examples of
(a) the greater value placed on boys, compared to girls.
(b) the Europeanization of Europe.
(c) the influence of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
The term “Reconquest” is usually used with reference to
(a) Christian advance against Muslim lands in Iberia.
(b) Christian crusades to their “Holy Land.”
(c) the sack of Constantinople in 1204.
In the eleventh century, Sicily and the southern Italian peninsula fell under the control of
(a) Saracens.
(b) Romans.
(c) Normans.
German expansion was mostly to the
(a) north.
(b) east.
(c) west.
The First Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II in 1095. It
(a) ended in a swamp near Constantinople.
(b) captured Jerusalem.
(c) was led by Richard the Lion-Hearted.
The “military orders” were designed to accommodate
(a) monkly knights.
(b) ordinary people who wanted to participate in the crusades.
(c) papal legates.
In the history of Jewish-Christian relations in the Middles Ages, the twelfth century marks the beginning of
(a) forcing Jews to lend money to Christian businesses.
(b) admitting Jewish men to Christian universities.
(c) violent persecutions of Jews by Christians.
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